"सानो नेपालको ठूला सम्भावनाहरु ", कृषि विकास बैंक, ४९ औ बर्ष प्रवेश विशेषांक(बर्ष ४० अंक ५ ), माघ २०७२ (असम्पादित अंश )

;fgf] g]kfnsf] 7"nf ;Defjgfx?

k|f8f= ljsfz/fh ;Tofn

g]kfn If]qkmn  / hg;+Vofsf] lx;fan] ;+;f/sf] ;fg} vfn] b]z xf] . ljlsk]8L cg';f/ g]kfn ;+;f/sf 7"nf] b]lv ;fgf] qmdsf !(% b]zx? dWw] If]qkmnsf lx;fan] (%cf}F / hg;+Vofsf lx;fan] (#cf}F :yfgsf] b]zdf k5{ . t/ ;fgf] x'g' cfhsf] ljZjdf sdhf]/ of ;Defjgflalxg x'g' xf]O{g lsgls cfhsf] ljZj !*/f}+ ztfAbL k"j{sf] h:tf] s]jn ;}Goansf lx;fan] dfq x]l/b}g alNs ljlzi6tf, df}lnstf / pkof]lutfsf] b[li6 n] klg  x]l/G5 . bf]>f] laZj o'Wbsf] eofjxtf / b]z—b]z larsf] laZjAofkL snxn] …;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3
-United Nations_Ú h:tf ;+:yfsf] lahf/f]k0f ePk5L s]jn ;}Goandf k|jn x'Fb}df sdhf]/ /fi6«nfO{ PstkmL{ lgx'df cfqmd0f ug]{ / cflwkTo ug{;lsg] ;Defjgf Go"g x'Fb} uPsf] xf] / Pp6f ;Eo ;+;f/sf] af6f]df laZj clxn] cl3 a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;bZo ePsf] gftfn] g]kfnn] klg cfkm"eGbf w]/} anjfg /fi6«s} ;/x …Ps /fi6« Ps ef]6Ú sf] clwsf/ kfPsf] klg 5 . ;fFRr} …s] g]kfn ;fgf] xf] t <Ú eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ dxfFsaL b]asf]6fn] w]/} klxn]g} ;'Gb/ 9+un] lbPsf lyP . b]asf]6fsf] cg';f/ “cfFvf hLpsf c? c+u eGbf ;fgf] x'G5, cem To;leqsf] gfgL emg\ ;fgf] x'G5,  To;f] ePklg h;l/ c?c+u eGbf oL c+u d'Nojfg x'G5g To;}u/L g]kfn cfsf/df ;fgf] ePklg o;sf] ljlzi6 dxTj ;+;f/nfO{ w]/} 5 .”

uPsf] a}zfvsf] dxfFe"sDk / s]lx ;do klxnf b]lv ePsf] t/fO{ aGb / ef/tsf] gfsfaGbLn] b]znfO{ txz gxz kf/]sf] 5 . lasf; lgdf{0f / p4f]u Jofkf/ of] gfsfaGbLn] sl/a sl/a aGb x'Fbf, b]zsf] cy{tGq g/fd|f] ;+u ynfk/]sf] 5 / ;a{;fwf/0fsf] hLjg Hofb} si6s/ x'guPsf] 5 . of] dxfF;+s6sf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf g]kfnLn] cfˆgf] hLjg of] ;+s6 cg'?kg} km]b}{ uPsf klg 5g\ / o;} cg'?k afFRb} uPsf b]v]/ ;+;f/ g} rlst ePsf] 5 . g]kfnLx?sf] of] cb\e't afFRg] Ifdtf o; ;+s6sfnn] phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] Ps cGj]ifs 6f]ln xfn} g]kfn cfPsf] lyof] . of] ;+s6df s;l/ g]kfnL afFrL/x]sf 5g\ / xfdLn] ug{;Sg] ;xof]u s] xf]nf eg]/, a'‰g . g]kfnLsf] clxn]sf] hLjglgjf{x / d'vsf] xfF;f] b]v]/ Tof] 6f]ln rlst k/]5 . pgLx?sf] b]zdf s]lx lbgsf] aGb n] g} hghLjg csNkgLo si6s/ agfpg] /x]5 lsgls Totfsf dflg; k"0f{ k/lge{/ / pkef]Uo a:t' ;+lrtug]{ aflg gePsf x'Fbf /x]5g . of] cb\e'b zxlGzntf / Go"g k/lge{/tf g]kflnn] jt{dfg c;xh kl/l:yltdf b]vfPklg, /fHon] nfdf] ;do of] ;dZofsf] ;dfwfg gug]{ xf] eg], of] zxlGzntf n] l;df kSs} gf£g]5 .

 

cfly{s k"FhL Go"g ePsf] xfd|f] b]zn] ePsf] k"FhLsf] clwstd k|of]uu/L cfkm'nfO{ cfTdlge{/ / ;DkGg s;l/ agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]Rg' h?l/ 5 . xfdLn] cfˆgf cfly{s ;Defjgf af]s]sf If]qx?nfO{ a9L Wofg lbb} ltgnfO{ cem} alnof] gagfpg] xf] eg] cfˆgf] cl:tTj hf]ufpg ufx|f]kg]{ s'/f e}rfnf] / gfsfaGbL af6 pQ\kGg l:ylt n] xfdL ;a}nfO{ r]tgf lbPsf] x'g'k5{ . To;}ul/ /fHosf] cg'bfg / cGo ;'lawfdf dfq x'ls{g ;s]sf cfly{s If]qx?sf] klxrfg ;dodf g} ul/ To;df ;/sf/L 9's'6Lsf] vr{ g/f]Sg] xf] eg] xfd|f] k|ult x'g]5}g . cfly{s?kdf cfˆgf] v'§fdf plEeg g;Sbf / pTkfbgzLn gx'Fbf, a]nfa]nfdf s:tf] xlaut x'Fbf]/x]5 eGg] cg'ea xfdL g]kfnLn] k6s k6s ub}{ cfPsf klg xf}F . cfly{s ;Defjgf af]s]sf b'O{ If]qx? pBf]u / s[lifsf] at{dfg Ifdtf / t'ngfTds eljZosf] ljZn]if0f tn ug{vf]hLPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;antf pBf]u ls s[lif <                                   

 oxfF pBf]u eGgfn] demf}nf / 7"nf nufgLsf g]kfnL s[lif pkhdf cfwfl/t gePsf cvfWo pTkfbgd"vL pBf]u h:tf] sk8f, d]lzg/L kf6{k"hf{, lah'nLsf ;dfg cflbnfO{ eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] . s[lif Aoa;fo d'ntM g]kfndf pTkfbg ug]{ Aoa;fosf] ?kdf x]l/G5 hasL sRrf s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;f]em} lalqm ljt/0f eGbf To;df cf+lzs k|zf]wg ul/ lalqmubf{ # b]lv * u'gf a9L d'No kfO{g ;S5 . t;y{ oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] s[lifsf] cfzo sRrf pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wgsf ;fdfGo n3'pBf]u ;lxtsf] s[lif eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] .

b]zdf pBf]u km:6fpg Toxfsf] >dzlQm cem bIf >dzlQmsf] pkl:ylt Ps k|d'v cfjZostf 7flgG5 . h'g b]zdf 7"nf] >dzlQm x'G5 Toxf… pBf]uLn] ;:tf]df dhb'/ kfpF5 h;n] ubf{ pTkfbgsf] d"No cGo b]zsf] eGbf ;:tf] kg{ hfG5 . olx sf/0f xf]  rLgdf cd]l/sL / o'/f]k]nL nufgLsf ax'b]lzo pBf]ux?sf] cg]sf} sf/vfgf ePsf h:tf] Apple sDKo'6/, IBM d]lzg, Glaxo SmithKline cf}iflw sDklg cflb . cfly{s ?kdf ;s[o >dzlQmsf] u0fgf ubf{ !% aif{ b]lv dflysf] hg;+VofnfO{ lnOG5 . tnsf] tflnsfdf xfd|f s]lx l5d]ls /fi6«x?sf >dzlQm / cfly{s Ifdtfsf] tYof+s t'ngfTds lrq0fsf] nflu k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; tflnsfdf b]lvG5 ;g\ @)!# df rLgdf emG8} *) s/f]8 o:tf cfly{s ?kdf ;s[o >dzlQm lyP hf] g]kfn sf] eGbf %@–%# u'0ff a9ÞL xf] . o;sf] cy{xf] rLgdf pBf]uLx?n] g]kfn eGbf / tflnsfdf ePsf cGo b]zx?df eGbf ;:tf] >d ahf/ kfpg] /x]5g . To;}u/L ef/tdf g]kfn eGbf #! u'gf ;:tf] >dzlQm df}h'b 5 . o;}u/L a+unfb]zdf klg g]kfn eGbf % u'0ff a9L >dzlQm ePsf]n] ToxfF g]kfndf c:tfPsf t}of/L kf]zfs, h'6 h:tf w]/} pBf]u ToxfF /fd|/L rn]sf / a+unfb]zL pTkfbg cd]l/sf / o'/f]ksf ahf/df lg/Gt/ k'lu/x]sf 5g\ . olb glhssf l5d]ls d'n'sdf k|r'/ >dzlQm 5 eg] zfob} s'g} afXo /fi6«sf pBf]uLsf] g]kfndf pwf]u vf]Ng] cfsif{0f /xg] 5 . a]nfa]nfdf xfdL :jb]zL nufgLstf{ / pBf]uLx?n] nufgL ug]{ s'/f kqklqsfdf k9\g]u5f}{ . t/ af:tadf cfhsf] k'FhLklt s'g} Ps b]zsf] dfq x'Fb}gg\ . ;+;f/sf] s'g s'gfdf s'g pBf]u vf]Nbf a9L kmfObf x'G5 Tolx cfslif{t x'g' ltgsf] :jfefljs :jefa g} xf] . sf}l6Non] ;d]t cfˆgf] gLltdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ “Aofkf/Lsf] b]z g} x'Fb}gM b]z t /fhf
-cfhsf g]tfx?sf]_ dfq x'G5” .  To;}n] pBf]u :jb]zL x'g;S5 pBf]uL :jb]zL eGg] x'b}g . cfˆgf] b]z pBf]usf] nflu slt cfsif{s 5, slt ;:tf] 5, slt pBf]uLnfO{ pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ / sfdug{ ;xh 5 o;df g} /fli6«o / a}b]lzs nufgL lge{/u5{ .

g]kfnsf >dhLjLx?sf] csf]{ ;dZof o'lgog xf] . ul/vfg]nfO{ of] o'lgog 3fF8f] ePsf] 5 . sfd lbg] / lng] b'a}nfO{ of] 3fF8f] ePsf] 5 . o:tf o'lgogx? >dhLjLsf] eGbf /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] k5LnfUbf a]nfa]nfdf /fhgLlts d'4fdf sfd aGbul/ h'n'zdf nfUg'kg]{ / To;/L nfUbf sfd lbg]sf] gf]S;fgL x'g] x'Fbf >dhLjL dhb'/x? b'j} lt/sf] r]k'jfdf kg]{u/]sf 5g\ . slxn] sfFxL o'lgogsf] df+u olt 7"nf] x'G5 ls pBf]uLn] Tolt lbg] g;Sg] x'ghfG5 h;n] ubf{ sltko pBf]u aGb g} x'G5g . g]kfndf klg o:t} /fhgLlt, aGb / >ldssf lbg g;lsg] 7"nf dfun] ubf{ aGbePsf ax'/fli6«o nufgLsf pBf]ux?sf w]/} pbfx/0f 5g\ . o;l/ pBf]u aGbx'+bf >dhLjLnfO{ t k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] 5 g} k"hLknfogdf klg kl//x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

gofF pBf]u vf]Ng slt nfdf] / hl6n ;/sf/L k|lqmof 5, slt ;do nfU5 of] s'/f :jb]zL / a}b]lzs nufgLstf{n] k"FhL nufpbf /fd|/L cWoog ug]{ u5{g . laleGg b]zx?df pBf]u ;+rfngdf ;xhtfsf] dfkg …ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gÚ nufotsf ;+:yfx? n] a]nf a]nfdf u/]sf x'G5g . ;g\ @)!# df s]G›Lo tYof+s laefun] u/]sf] o:tf] cWogdf b]vLG5 g]kfnsf] :yfg pWof]u Jofkf/sf] -Doing Business_ nflu Hofb} c;xh aftfj/0f x'g] /fi6« dWw]df k5{ . of] c;xhtfsf] d'Vo sf/0f e]l6Psf lyP: ;/sf/sf] cl:y/tf, gLltut cl:y/tf, ei6frf/, ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] ;':ttf, ckof{Kt k"ef{wf/, >lds sfg'gdf hl6ntf cflb . g]kfnn] ha;Dd oL c;xhtfsf sf/s tTjx? nfO{ 36fpFb} cfkm'nfO{ cfsif{s nufgL b]z agfpg ;Sb}g ta;Dd pwf]un] b]znfO{ /fd|f] kmfObf lbg;Sg] 5}g .

s]lx aif{ klxn] hj af/fs cf]afdf klxnf]kN6 cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«klt r'lgPsf lyP ltgsf] k|d'v r'gfaL Ph]08f lyof] cd]l/sfdf /f]huf/L a9fpg] . t/ 7"nf pwf]ukltx?n] cd]l/sf eGbf rLgdf / blIf0f cd]l/sfdf cfˆgf pBf]u lj:tf/ ub}{ uPsf lyP . PskN6 cf]afdf n] PKkn sDk'6/sf dflns …l:6a hA;Ú nfO{ Pp6f /fqL ef]hdf e]6\bf o:tf] knfogsf] sf/0f ;f]w]5g\ . hA; n] clg5\ofk'a{s hjfa lbP5g\ . cd]l/sfdf gofF pBf]u vf]Ng dlxgf}sf] k|ltIff / d]xgt ug{'k5{, hasL rLgdf Ps xKtfdf Tof] ;lsG5 km]/L cd]l/sfdf >ldssf] tna Hofb} w]/} 5 / >lds sd ;do sfd u5{g To;}n] rLg w]/}sf] /f]hfO{df k5{ .

     

tflnsfM g]kfn / l5d]sL b]zx?sf] t'ngfTds cfly{s Ifdtf, ;g\ @)!# ->f]tM ljZj a}+s_

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ef/t	$*!=@	@*!%#=)	!^#!	#!=!	#&(=$	@=#	#)=!	!&=)
g]kfn	!%=!	&$=@	^(*	–––	–––	––––	!%=@	#$=#

          

o;/L x]bf{ b]lvG5 g]kfn 7"nf pwf]u h:tf] df]6/ lgdf{0f, cf}hf/ lgdf{0f, /f;folgs pTkfbg cflbsf] nflu cfˆgf glhssf l5d]ls /fi6«x? eGbf Hofb} sd cfsif{s /fi6« xf] . h;l/ a+ufnsf] vf8L af6 p8]sf] jiff{sf] afbn g]kfn / ef/t leq al;{G5 t/ cUnf lxdfnx?n] 5]lslb+bf ltAatsf] If]q aiff{ gx'g] …a[li65fofFÚ If]q aGg]u5{, To;}u/L rLg / ef/tsf] >dzlQm / cGo Ifdtfsf] r]kf]df k/]/ g]kfn pBf]usf] nflu  a[li65fofFsf] /fi6« x'gk'u]sf] oyfy{ dflysf] tYof+s / laZn]z0f n] ;d]t b]vfpm5  .

xfd|f pBf]ux? k"hL / pTkfbgsf lx;fan] ;fgf x'g\ . To;df klg cfGtl/s / afXo sf/0fn] ;+w} ?U0f 5g\ . xfd|f pBf]ux? ;/sf/åf/f eG;f/ / s/ 5'6sf] cfzub}{, u'0f:t/ / efpdf pkef]Qmf 7Ub}, PstGqL l;lG8s]6sf] ;x'lnotsf] e/df dfq aNntNn afFr]sf dfq x'g\ . ha;Dd sd{rf/L ;+u7gsf] gfdfdf sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf pBf]unfO{ 7Ug 5f]8\b}gGf\, /fhg}lts kf6L{x?n] u'08f nufP/ pBf]uL af6 rGbf p7fpg 5f]8\b}gGf\, >lds n] cfˆgf] kf6L{sf] emG8f p7fP/ x8\tfn ug{ 5f]8]/ cfˆgf] pwf]usf] af/]sf ;f]Rg yfNb}g, sd{rf/LtGq n] pBf]u btf{ b]lv kfOnf kfOnfdf 3"; dfUg 5f]8\b}gGf\ / a]Odfg pBf]uLnfO{ b08 lbg] Gofo Joj:yf s8f / r':t x'Fb}g – a}b]lzs nufgL / gof k|ljlw b]zdf k:g ;Sb}g / :jb]zL pBf]uLx? n] klg OdfGbf/Lsf] af6f] ckgfpg] 5}gg\ . clxn];Ddsf] /fhg}lts, k|zf;lgs / sfg'gsf] l:ylt x]bf{ o; If]q af6 cfznfUbf] cfly{s of]ubfg k|fKt x'g] nIf0f glhssf] ;dodf st} b]lvGg .

s[lifIf]qn] af]s]sf] a[xb ;Defjgfx?  

;Dk"0f{ cfly{s If]qsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ / b]zsf] jt{dfg IfdtfnfO{ x]bf{, xfd|f] e/kbf]{ / k|r'/ cfh{gsf] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] If]q] …n3'pBf]u hf]l8Psf] ljlzi6 s[lifÚ xf] . s[lif af6 hLljsf]kfh{g sl7g x'Fb} uPsf] eP/ s[lif ul/g] d'Vo ynf] cyf{t\ u|fld0f If]q af6 7"nf] hg;+Vof uPsf bzfAbLdf la:yflkt ePsf 5g . To; dWw]sf] Ps 7"nf] lx:;f g]kfn s} zx/L If]qdf / csf]{ 7'nf] lx:;f ljb]zdf k'u]sf] tYof+s n] b]vfpG5 . t/ of] s[lifaf6 ePsf] lj:yfkgsf] sf/s tTj xfd|f] s[lifsf] cIfdtf xf]Og a? pxL k/Dk/fut pTkfbgsf] k4tL / k|ljlw xf] . g]kfnsf] h}ljs lalawtf / lr;f] xfjfkfgLdf g} x'ls{g] df}lns s[lif pkhsf] ;"rL nfdf] 5 . e"uf]nn] g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f ljlzi6tf lbPsf]5 . Tof] xf] ;fgf] b'/Ldf rf+8f] —rf+8f] ablng] hnafo' / To;n] pTkGg u/]sf] h}ljs lalawtf . o:tf] lalawtf ;+;f/sf cGo b]z—If]qdf olt 5f]6f] b'/Ldf la/n} e]l6G5 . e}/xjfsf] pi0f hnafo' If]q ;d'› ;tx af6 s]jn ^) ld6/sf] prfO{df cjl:yt 5 / oxf+af6 pQ/ lt/ a'6jn, tfg;]g, kf]v/f x'Fb} ndh'+usf] ldldkf]v/L ;Ddsf] xjfO{b'/L e}/xjf af6 d'l:snn] !#) lsnf]ld6/ 5 hasL emG8} #%)) ld6/sf] prfO{df /x]sf] ldldkf]v/Lsf] hnafo' lxdfnL -Alpine_ 5 . o;l/ g]kfnsf] pQ/ blIf0fsf] emG8} !%) lsnf]ld6/sf] b'/Ldf kfFr k|sf/sf hnafo' If]q e]l6G5g . pi0f -;d'› ;tx af6 !))) ld6/;Dd prfO{sf], Tropical climate_, pkf]i0f-!))) – @))) ld6/ prfO{sf], Subtropical_ , lztf]i0f-@)))–#))) ld6/ prfO{sf], Temperate_, ;dlztf]i0f-#)))–$))) ld6/ prfO{sf], Sub-temperate_, / lxdfnL -$))) – %))) ld6/ prfO{sf], Alpine_ . x'Dnfsf] l;ldsf]6 #))) ld6/sf] prfO{df /x]sf] s[lif pTkfbg ul/g] uf+p xf] eg] d'u'sf] l/p;f, bf}/f, lsD? emG8} $))) ld6/df a;]sf al:t x'g\ . To:t} 8f]Nkf / dgfª lhNnfsf al:tx?  lxdfnkfl/sf pRr w/ftnsf al:tx? x'g\ . o;l/ g]kfn h}ljs lalawtfsf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] ljlzi6 pkh, h8La'6L, lbg;Sg] b]z xf] . o:tf s[lif pkh lgs6sf l5d]ls b]zx?df ug{ pQL ;Dea 5}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, xfd|f] lxdfnL e]u, h8La'6Lx?sf] nflu pko'Qm 7fpF xf] hxfF s]z/, lxdfnL lh/f, s'8\sL, h6fd;L, nf]7;Nnf] h:tf ljlzi6 / pRr d"Nosf pkh x'g ;S5g\ . kxf8L If]qdf cn}rL, cfo'a]{l\bs Rofp,  lrof, skmL, Zofp, ;'Gtnf, nK;L, 6«fp6 df5f / t/fO{df h+unL hl8a'6L, sf7, dfzL{ wfg cflbsf] pTkfbg x'b}cfPsf] g} 5 . t/, kf/Dkl/s tl/sf / v]ltsf] k|sf/nfO{ 5f]8]/ a}1flgs ;f]r, k|ljlw / pGgt cf}hf/ k|of]u x'g' h?l/ 5 . o;sf] nflu s[lif cWoog, cg';GwfgnfO{ o;} cg'?k kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg' / k|jw{g ug{' cfjZos 5 . wfg, ux' ds} hf] cGo b]z / laz];ul/ l5d]ls /fi6« df x'g\ ;S5g\ ltgsf] ahf/ efp g]kfnsf] eGbf ljb]zsf] g} ;:tf] kg{ hfG5 ptfsf] ;:tf] >d zlQm / s[lif k|ljlwn] ubf{  . To;}n] l5d]ls /fi6«df cTolws plAhg] s[lif pTkfbg eGbf xfd|f] df}lns lalz:6 pTkfbg df g} xfd|f] hf]8 x'g'k5{ . gfs{ h:tf] cg';Gwfg ;+:yf n] clxn]sf] eGbf Hofb} a8L ;lqmotf b]vfpg' h?l/ 5 . s[lifsf] cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ;/sf/ n] lbb} cfPsf] cg'bfgdf a9f]Q/L x'g' h?l/ 5 . of] ah]6sf] /fd|f] cg'udg x'g' Tolts} h?l/ 5 . cfˆgf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] )=#& k|ltztdfq ah]6 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwdf vlr{g] g]kfn Pl;ofsf] dfq geO{ ljZjs} lj1fg / k|ljlwdf ;aeGbf sd nufgL ug]{ /fi6«dWo] Ps xf] .  k|Voft g]kfnL cg';Gwfgstf{ :juL{o bofgGb ah|frfo{sf] cg';f/ b]z lasf;sf] nflu la1fg / k|ljlwdf s"n /fli6«o ah]6sf] @% x'g' h?l/ 5 . cem b]zsf] ›'tt/ lasf;sf] nflu s[lifcg';Gwfgdf g} s"n ah]6sf] @% 5'6\ofpg' h?l/ b]lvG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ut # aif{ b]lv O;/fOnn] g]kfnL lakGg lszfg kl/jf/sf o'jf o'atLx?nfO{ cfˆgf] b]z nu]/ sl/a Ps aif{sf] Aoaxfl/s s[lifsf] tflnd lbO{/x]sf] sfo{sf] pNn]vug{' pko'Qm x'g]5 . of] ;/fxgLo / /sdsf] ;f]emf] cg'bfg eGbf w]/} k|efasf/L ;xof]u xf] . clxn];Dddf sl/a &)) o'afx? n] o:tf] tflnd lnP/ g]kfn kmsL{;s]sf 5g\ . laleGg lhNnf af6 uPsf o:tf o'af n] kms]{/ cfPkl5 l;s]sf] lzk k|of]u ul//x]sf] b'tfjfzsf] la1lKtdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . :d/0f /xf];\ O{;|fOn, clwsf+z e"efu anf}6] d?e"ld / kfgLsf] Hofb} sld ePsf] b]z xf] . t/ o:tf] s[lifsf] nflu cg'ko'Qm x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cTofw'lgs s[lif cf}hf/, lap k|aw{g / k|lalwsf] k|of]u ul/ O;|fOn ;+;f/sf] pTs[i6 s[lif k|lalw k|of]u ug]{ b]zdf k5{ . s[lif cg';GwfgnfO{ of] b]zn] 7"nf] wg/fzL / dxTj lbPsf] 5 . x'gt O;|fOn d'nt: Jofkf/ af6 sdfO{ ug]{ b]z xf] / s[lifsf] of]ubfg ufx{:To pTkfbgdf s]jn @=% k|ltzt dfq 5 t/ b]zsf #=& k|ltzt hgtf dfq ;xefuL ePsf] s[lifn] b]zsf] vfBfGgsf] df+usf] (% k|ltzt k"lt{ u5{, hf] pNn]vgLo 5 . g]kfndf xfn &! k|ltzt hgtf s[lifdf cfl>t 5g\ / o;sf] ufx{:To pTkfbgdf #$ k|ltzt of]ubfg /x]klg xfdLnfO{ clwsf+z vfBfGg aflx/af6 g} cfoft ug{' kg]{ l:ylt 5 .                               

s[lifdf lge{/ kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof / ufx{:To pTkfbgdf s[lifsf] of]ubfg uPsf aif{x?df emb}{ uPsf 5g\ . s'g} a]nf s[lif pkh ef/t / t]>f] d'n'sdf /fd|f] kl/0ffddf lgof{t ug]{ g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!$ df dfq} emG8} !)) ca{ ?lkofsf] vfwfGg cfoft u/]sf] lyof] . x'Dnf, h'Dnf nufotsf lxdfnL e]usf pRr :t/Lo Zofp 9'jfgLsf] ;dZofn] s'lxg] u5{g hasL ut aif{ dfq ? ! ca{ a9Lsf] %# 6g Zofp g]kfn cfoft ePsf] lyof] . clxn] lszfgsf pkh af]6af6 ;f]em} larf}lnof dfkm{t a]lrg] ul/G5, h;af6 pTkfbstf{  lszfgn] Hofb} sd d"No kfpgfn] g} s[lifdf cfsif{0f 36\b} uPsf] xf] . larf}lnofn] kfpg] lx:;f lgodg ug{, lszfg n] a]Rg] / clGtd pkef]Qmf n] lsGg] d"Nosf] a}1flgs b/ lgwf{/0f ug{ …ahf/ Aoa:yfkg laefuÚ cl3;g{' k5{ .o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ cy{xf] g]kfnsf] s[lifdf pTkfbglzntf gePsf] xf]Og t/ of] hg;+Vof ;+u} k|lalw lat/0f Joj:yf / ahf/ cl3 a9\g g;s]/ ynf kb}{uPsf] If]q xf] . 

s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ klxnf] of bf]>f] r/0fsf] k|zf]wg ug{;s] To;df w]/} d"Noclea[WbL x'G5 . h:tf], ;f]em} Zofp a]Rg' eGbf ;'sfP/ o;sf] rfgf a]Rbf a9L, u'bL of h'; agfpFbf cem} a9L / x':sL g} agfpbf w]/} a9L d"Noclea[WbL x'G5 . o;}n] s[lif pTkfbg If]q sf] glhs} k|zf]wg ul/g] n3' pwf]u sf] ljsf; x'b} hfg' k5{ . s[ifs x? pwf]u Aoa;fo sf] k|aw{g sf] nflu k"hL h'6fpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . h'6fPsf x?df klg k/Dk/fut ;fx'dxfhgsf] rsf]{ Aofhb/df lng] u/]sf 5g\ . of] s'/f kl5Nnf] s[lifu0fgf, @)^* n] b]vfp5 . ;f] u0fgf cg';f/ @@ k|ltzt s[ifs kl/jf/n] dfq Aoa;fosf] nflu C0f lnPsf] b]lvG5 t/ $@ k|ltzt n] C0f cfjZos ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf C0f lng] dWo] !# k|ltzt n] s[lif ljsf; a}+s af6 C0f lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;+:yfut >f]t -a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf_ af6 #& k|ltzt n] / u}/ ;+:yfut-cfkmGt, ;fx', s[ifs ;d'x_ af6 ^# k|ltzt n] C0f lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf/0f s[lif ljsf; a}+s h:tf ;+:yfx? cem} /fd|/L o:tf u|fld0f s[ifsx? ;Dd k'Ug;s]sf] b]lvGg . To;}n] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] u|fld0f e]sx?df :yfgLo efiff / z}nL k|of]uul/ cfˆgf sfo{qmdsf] a[xb k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{' b]zsf] nflu h?/L ePsf] b]lvG5 .        

s[lifsf] of]ubfg nuftf/ 36\b} uPklg tYof+s n] b]vfp5 ;g\ @)!# df s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg #$=# k|ltzt lyof] hasL pWBf]uIf]qsf] of]ubfg s]jn !%=@ k|ltzt lyof] -x]g{'; dflysf] tflnsf_ . km]/L xfd|f] b]zsf] s[lifsf] of]ubfg l5d]ls /fi6« df s[lif af6 x'g] of]ubfg eGbf s}of} u'gf a9L 5 -tflnsf_ . ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] emG8} #$ k|ltzt cf]u6]sf] s[lif xfd|f] dxTjk"0f{ cfly{s kIf xf] . t/, clxn] ul/g] s[lif, pkhsf] 5gf}6, ul/g] tl/sf, cf}hf/, ahf/ Joj:yf – ;a} lg/fznfUbf 5g\ h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k u|fld0f If]qaf6 7"nf] ;+Vofdf s[lifdf nfu]sf hgzlQm zx/ of ljb]z lx8\g afWoePsf x'g\ . kf/Dkl/s tl/sfsf] wfg / ds} pdf/]/ jf df5fkfng / kmnkm"n v]ltn] klg kl/jf/sf] u'hf/f ;''v;+u rNg] b]lv+b}g, lsgls o;af6 nufgL eGbf sd k|ltkmn cfpb} 5 .

lgisif{ 

lgisif{df, g]kn t'ngfTds kmfO{bf -competitive advantage_ sf lx;fan] 7"nf lgof{td'vL pBf]usf] nflu Hofb} sDhf]/ /fi6« ePsf] b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ o:tf pBf]usf] g]kfndf s'g} /fd|f] eljio 5}g . t;y{ /fi6«sf] 9's'6L o:tf If]qdf vGofpg' cg'Tkfbs dfq x'g]5 .

b]zsf] e"agf]6 hnafo' / dfG5]sf] k|fs[lts 1fg n] ubf{ s[lif Aoa;fosf] eljio g]kfndf dxTjk"0f{ / kmfO{bfhgs b]lvG5 . vf;u/L df}lns ljlzi6 s[lif pkh / To;df cfwfl/t s'l6/ / n3'pBf]usf] eljio Hofb} /fd|f] b]lvG5 . t/ o:tf] e/kbf]{ kmfO{bfhgs s[lif, k/Dk/fut afnL, k'/ftg cf}hf/, aiff{tsf] ef/sf]] l;+rfO{ / k/Dk/fut k|lalwsf] e/df x'g;Sb}g . casf] g]kfnsf] cfly{s eljio, s[lifsf] a}1flgs/0f, df}lns ljlzi6 pkhsf] vf]lh / cfw'lgs k|lalwdf cfwfl/t s[lif af6 dfq ;Dea 5 . To;}u/L g]kfndf km:6fpg ;Sg] pBf]u s]jn o:tf s[lif pkhsf] k|zf]wgug]{ n3' pBf]usf] dfq /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ ›'t cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu /fHo, ;+3 of lghLIf]q cGo 7"nf pBf]usf] nufgLdf cNdlng' eGbf o:t} s[lifdf cfwfl/t Aoa;fo / k|lalw k|aw{gdf nfUg' pko'Qm / kmO{bfhgs b]lvG5 . 

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