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k|f8f lasfz /fh ;Tofn
k|ljlwn] km8\sf] dfb}{5 . ;"rgf
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rfF8f] of ca]/, g]kfndf klg ljZjdf k|rngdf cfPsf o:tf k|ljlwn] k|j]z ub}{ uPsf
5g of ub}{ hfg]5g\. :ki6 5, s'g} klg a}+s of cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg Aoj;ooLn]
of] ablnFbf] kl/j]zdf cfkm'nfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;s]g eg] Tof] :jod\ k5fl8 kg]{ 5.
a}+ls+usf] 5f]6f] ljZj Oltxf; / g]kfn
hjb]lv dflg;n] cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] cfjZostf
ebf a9L pTkfbg ug{ yfNof] p;nfO{ Tof] cltl/Qm pTkfbg c?nfO{ a]Rg'kg]{ eof] /
cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] z'?jft eof] h;nfO{ ;3fpg d'›f ag] / Tof] d'›f Aoa:yfkg ug{
a}+s ag]. o;/L x]bf{ d'›f,cy{zf:q, cfly{s sf/f]af/x? dfgj ;Eotfsf] z}zj sfnb]lv
g} x's]{sf ;+:s[lt x'Gf\. Aoal:yt cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] z'?jft ug{ ag]sf a}+sx?
eg] lgs} kl5 :yfkgf ePsf x'g\. d];f]kf]6fldofdf @))) O{zf k'j{ b]lv a}+ls+u
lqmofsnfk rn]sf] Oltxf;sf/x? atfp5g\ hf] k5L lu|;df O{zfsf] (af} b]lv !@/f}
ztfAbLsf] aLrdf x's]{sf lyP. jxLvftfaf6 kl/:s[t aGb} cfw'lgs a}+ls+usf] z'?jft
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ePb]lv clxn];Dd a]/]Gau{ kl/jf/s}
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lyof]. sfuhL gf]6 eg] ;Dat @))@ df ;b/ d'n'sL vfgf af6 5flkof] h;df vfh++frLsf]
?kdf d'Vo k'/f]lxtn] ;xL u/]sf lyP-@_. g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] rf}dfl;s
ljj/0f cg';f/ ljqmd ;Dat @))& c;f/;Dddf g]kfndf hDdf !&) a}+ls+udf
cfwfl/t ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yfx?, h;df @$ afl0fHo a}+s,@( ljsf; a}+s, @# ljQLo ;+:yf
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cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg 5g\ -#_.
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;g\ @))&–)* sf] a}+ls+u b'3{6gf h;nfO{
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7"nf] cfly{s b'3{6gf dflgG5. ;g\ @))& sf] z'?jftL dlxgfdf cd]l/sfdf
of] b'3{6gfsf] ljhf/f]k0f ePsf] lyof],3/hUuf Aoa;fo cyf{t\ df]u]{hsf] crfgs
ePsf] :n3gaf6. cd]l/sfsf] 3/–hUuf Aoa;fo of egf} lsga]r, k"0f{ ?kn]
df]u]{h Aoa;foLx?df cfl>t 5. of] Aoa;fosf] d'No cg]s sf/0f n] crfgs Xjftx'Q}
emof]{. elgG5 o;sf] Ps sf/0f cd]l/sfsf] 3/hUufsf] d"No s[lqd cfwf/af6
cTolws agfOPsf] lyof] h;sf] nflu lwtf] ;+/If0f lbg] a}+sx?sf] klg k|d'v xft
lyof]. cd]l/sL df]u]{hsf] s[lqd d"Nof+sg gl6s]/ Wj:t ePkl5 o;n] cd]l/sfdf
dfq} xf]Og ljZj el/sf a}+ls+u k|0ffnLx?df csNkgLo cfly{s b'3{6gf lgDTofof].
lsgls df]u]{h Aoa;foLx? cd]l/sfsf a}+sdf k"0f{ e/k/]sf lyP /
cd]l/sfsf a}+sx? ljZj el/sf a}+sx? df
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em6\sf ;]K6]Da/ @))* df n]xDofg a|b/ eGg] cd]l/sL nufgL a}+ssf] ktgn] dx;';
u/fPsf] lyof] h;af6 ljZjAofkL dGbLsf] z'?jft eof]. of] k|s/0fsf] klxnf] em6\sf
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;+s6Ú sf] ?kdf b]vfk–of]. cfly{s ;+s6n] cfqmfGt cd]l/sfn] of] ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfgsf] nflu ;g\ @)!) df Ps pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt u7g u–of] h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k
…8f]8–k|mf+s jfn :6«L6 l/kmf]d{Ú gfds cfly{s ;'wf/ / pkef]Qmf k|lt/Iff
sfg"g NofOof]. of] sfg"g cfPkl5 cd]l/sL / ljZj cfly{s dGbLdf
;'wf/f]Gd'v cg'xf/ b]lv+b} uPsf] xf]-$_. x'gt g]kfnnfO{ of] dGbLaf6
vf;} c;/ k/]g lsgls g]kfnsf] cfoft lgof{t / a}b]lzs nufgL t'ngfTds ?kdf ;fgf] /
cfTds]lG›t lyof]. w]/} cy{zf:qLx? of] ljZjAofkL cfly{s dGbLsf] 36gfn] cfly{s
lqmofsnfknfO{ cfs}{ df]8df NofPsf] / a}+ssf] hl6n ;+/rgfn] of] b'b{zf
lgDTofPsf] 7fG5g, h;sf] lg:sif{df a}+ls+u k|0ffnL g} cgfjZos ePsf] 7fGg] ;d]t
sltko cy{zf:qLx? 5g .
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OG6/g]6 / sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ;+u}, /
ablnFbf] cfly{s k|rng ;+u} la:tf/} ljZjsf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx? a}+s lalxg
a}+ls+udf ?kfGt/0f x'Fb} uPsf 5g. …cg nfOg ;lk+uÚ, O–;]jf,
clnafaf,cd]hÞg h:tf ;]jf k|bfosx? n] Ps xbsf] o:t} a}+s laxLg a}+ls+u ;]jf
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s;}sf] vftfdf k};f xfNg 6f]sg lnP/, a}+sdf le8 nfu]/ a:g' klg gkg]{ eO{;s]sf]
5, OG6/g]6 a}+ls+un] o:tf sfd ug{ ;Dej agfPsf] 5. kfgL, aQL, 6]lnkmf]g, g]6,
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dflg;sf] le8df 7]nf7]n u/]/ nfO{g nfUg'kg]{ ;f:tLsf] sfd cr]n cgnfO{g ;]jf
k|bfosx?n] ;xh kfb}{nfu]sf 5g. t/, o:tf a}+s/lxt of ljB'tLo ;]jf, hf] cr]n lgs}
rng rNtLdf cfO/x]sf 5g, k"0f{ a}+s /lxt eg] xf]Ogg. st} g st}, kbf{
k5f8L a}+s of cfly{s ;+:yf ;+u of]
sf/f]af/ cfa4 eP/ g} o:tf e'QmfgL ul/Psf
x'G5g\. t;y{ clxn]sf o:tf cgnfOg ;]jfx?, k"0f{?kdf cef}lts of ljB'tLo
e};s]sf 5}gg\.
t/, a}+ls+usf k|lqmofx? cem} klgemGeml6nf
5g. shf{ lng of k};f ;+lrt ug{, a}+ls+usf emGeml6nf k|lqmofx? k'/f ug{'kg]{
x'G5. a}+ls+usf emGeml6nf k|lqmofx? af6
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l:jh/Nof08 s} gful/s x'g\ / cfkm} a+s/ klg x'Gf\, n] Ps ljZjljVoft k':ts n]v]sf
5g h;sf] zLif{ssf] g]kfnL efafg'afb x'G5 …cGTo, a}+ls+u k"+hL, shf{ /
ljB'tLo qmflGtÚ. o;df cy{ljb Dofsldng n]V5g, ædfG5]sf cfly{s sf/f]af/, a}+s
ljgf g} k|of]u ug{ cfjZos 5 / of] ;Dej klg 5. ==== s'g} a]nf a}+sx? cfjZos lyP,
h;n] cfjZos cfly{s sfdx? u/]. t/ clxn]sf] ljB'tLo-l8lh6n_ qmflGt n] gof af6f]x?
b]vfPsf 5g. ;"rgf qmflGtn] a}+ls+u
lgod sfg'gsf hl6ntf dxTjxLg / cgfjZos agfOlbPsf 5g.;g\ @))&–)* sf] ljZjAofkL
cfly{s ;+s6 n] ;Ldflalxg a}+ls+usf] o'u cfpg' h?/L ePsf] ;+s]t lbPsf] 5Æ-%_.
ljB'tLo qmflGtsf] c;/ cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf
b'O{ tl/sfn] k/]sf] pgsf] egfO 5. klxnf] , xfdLn] ljB'tLo qmflGt kl5
a}+ls+udflysf] lgoGq0f x/fPsf 5f} / bf]>f], ca xfdLnfO{ o;sf] cfjZostf g}
gkg]{ b]lvG5. ;"rgf k|ljlwn] vf]n]sf gofF af6f]x? k5\opbf a}+ls+u k2lt g}
cgfjZos b]lvG5. cfpbf lbgx?df a}+ls+usf] cGTo x'g]5 / cfw'lgs cfly{s k2ltsf]
z'?jft x'g]5, eGg] Dofsldngsf] ljrf/ 5 -%_.
a}+s ljxLg a}+ls+usf r'gf}tLx?
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x]bf{, of] plQs} hl6n klg b]lvG5 . ef}lts k'+hLsf] ;f6f] 5ß d'›f, ef}lts
;+/rgfsf] ;§f ;+/rgf ljlxg a}+ls+u, dfgj dWo:y gx'g] cfly{s sf/f]af/, nuftf/
a9\b} uPsf 5g t/ plQs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ klg b]lvG5g. a9\bf] ;fOa/ ck/fw n]
cfkm'n] sdfPsf] k'+hL ;'/lIft g} /xG5g eGg a}+sdf k};f hDdf ug]{ JolQm of :jod\
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afrf g} xf].of] k"0f{?kdf l8lh6n d'›f xf], OG6/g]6df dfq n]vfhf]vf /xg].
crDdsf] o;sf] cl:tTj ePklg of] eljiosf] d'›f aGg] 5 eGg] sltko ljåfgx?sf] ljrf/
5.gt ;+;f/sf s'g} b]zn] of] d'›f 5fk]sf x'g\ gt s'g} b]zsf] lgoGq0f o;df 5. of]
OG6/g]6sf] dbt n] Ansr]g k|ljlw af6 k|;fl/t x'G5, h;sf] cy{ xf], Pp6f s'g}
zx/sf] sDKo'6/ df dfq ga;L w]/} b]zsf sDKo'6/ ;e{/x?df o;sf ;"rgf 5l/P/
/flvPsf x'G5g . /, o;nfO{ lghL ljQLo sf/f]af/ u0fgf-public
transaction database_ af6 ;+u|lxt ul/Psf] x'G5. of] 5ß
d'›fnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ ;+;f/sf lasl;t
b]zx?df To;}u/L lsg a]r x'g yfln;s]sf] 5 h;/L cd]l/sg 8n/ af6 lsga]r ug{ ;lsG5-^_.
o:tf] klxnf] 5ß d'›f, la6SafOg-bitcoin_
lyof] hf] ;g\ @))( df …;tf]zL gfsfdf]6f]Ú sf] gfd af6 k|;fl/t ePsf] lyof]
h;nfO{ s]lx cfO{6L ;d"xsf] 5ß gfd eGg] 7flgG5. clxn] OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ;a}
b]zn] u5{g t/ rLg h:tf s]xL b]zn] cfˆgf] If]qdf sltko j]a;fO6df aGb]h nufPsf
5G. la6SafOg agfpg] OG6/g]6sf la1x? o;nfO{ o;/L k|;fl/t u/]sf 5g ls OG6/g]6df
s'g} b]zn] s'g} j]a;fO6 nfO{ /f]s]sf] ePklg la6SafOgsf] k|;f/0fdf ltgLx?n]
lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ -^_.
clxn] la6SafOgs} ;+/rgf h:t} u/L cN6SafOg,
lqmK6f]6f]sg, lhlko', jfn]6, /f]af]SafOg h:tf emG8} 5 xhf/ yl/sf 5ß d'›f
cl:tTjdf 5g . cfZro{sf] s'/f cd]l/sfsf] cli6g, 6]S;f; /fHodf ;g\ @)!$ df ;fdfGo
a}+ssf] Pl6Pd h:t} la6SafOgsf] Pl6Pd d]lzg /flvPsf] 5 h;af6 rfns cg'dlt kq of
/fxbfgLsf] gDa/ xfn]/ k};f lgsfNg ldN5-^_.
la6SafOg h:tf 5ß d'›fx? sf] a9\bf] k|of]u
/ k|rf/ b]v]/ ;g\ @)!$ df la|6]gsf] cy{dGqfnonfO{ 5ß d'›fsf] af/]df a[xb cWoog
ug{ nufOPsf] lyof] tfls la|6]gsf] cyf{tGqdf o;sf] e"ldsf, olb 5 eg], kQf
nfuf]; / o;sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ b]lvof] eg] o;nfO{ s;/L lgoddf Nofpg]
eGg] cfwf/ agf];\ .
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cfhsf] ;do ;Dddf, o:tf d'›fx? sf] k|of]udf s]xL k|ljlws hl6ntf / ;'/If0fsf
;d:ofx? b]lvG5g h;n] ubf{ of] Tolt e/kbf]{ eO{;s]sf] b]lvGg . vf;u/L g]kfn h:tf
ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df o;sf] k|of]usf] nflu plrt jftfj/0f clxn] b]lvPsf] 5}g .
;fOa/ ck/fw
;+;f/e/L ;fOa/ ck/fw x/]s jif{ a9\b} uPsf]
5. ;fOa/ ;"/Iff la1x?sf vf]h cg';f/ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf o:tf ;fOa/ ck/fwaf6
ljZjdf #) s/f]8 8n/sf] rf]/L eO;s]sf] 5 . eljiodf ;a}eGbf a9L o:tf ;fOa/
ck/fwsf b'3{6gf Pl;ofnL b]zx?df g} x'g] ;Defjgf o;n] b]vfPsf] 5 . o; k|lta]bg cg';f/ ;a}eGbf a9L hf]lvddf
l:jˆ6 e'QmfgL k|0ffnL /x]sf] 5 . a|;]N; d'Vofno ePsf] l:jˆ6 e'QmfgL k|0ffnLsf]
d'Vofnodf ;+;f/ el/sf @@) b]zsf sl/j !! xhf/ cfly{s n]gb]g ug]{ ;+:yfx? cfj4 5g
. g]kfnsf klg clwsfz a}+sx? l:jˆ6
e'QmfgL k|0ffnLg} k|of]u ug]{u5{g.
;g\ @)!$ df …xf]d l8kf]6 l;:6dÚ df ePsf]
b'3{6gf ;+;f/sf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;fOa/ ck/fw dflgG5.
of] l;:6ddf cfa4 ;+;f/ el/sf % s/f]8 eGbf a9L qm]l86 sf8{ k|of]ustf{x?
sf] JolQmut ljj/0f h;df pgLx?sf] vftfsf] ljj/0f, kf;j8{ ;fldn lyof], ;a}
rf]l/Psf lyof] . xlnj'8sf l;g]dfx?df b]vfpg] OG6/g]6 a}+s 8s}tL h:t} u/L, xf]d
l8kf]6 l;:6dsf] ;e{/df rf]/x?n] klxnf unt lgb]{zg lbg] efO{/;, dfnfjf/], k;fpg
;kmn eP / To;kl5 l;:6dn] g} Toltsf
k|of]ustf{sf vftfdf /x]sf] /sd cGoq :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ lgb]{zg lbof] . To;} ;fn,
cd]l/sfsf] a}+s …h]Pd df]u{gÚ df cfsf]{ ;fOa/ cfqmd eof] h;df emG8} ;f9] ;ft
s/f]8 3/wgL, &) nfv ;fgf Aofkf/Lx? / s]xL cfly{s sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;+:yfx?sf
uf]Ko JolQmut ;"rgf rf]l/of].
a}+ls+u ;+u ;f]em} hf]l8Psf] ;+;f/sf]
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s]lG›o a}+ssf] ;'/Iff ;+oGq Xofs ul/Psf] lyof] h;af6 !) s/f]8 8n/ /sd rf]/x?n]
cj}wflgs tj/n] >Ln+sf, lkmlnlkG;, sf]l/of cflb b]zdf /x]sf cfˆgf dfG5]sf
vftfdf l:jˆ6 e'QmfgL k|0ffnL af6 x:tfGt/g u/]sf lyP-&_.
OG6/g]6 o'Qm cfw'lgs a}+ls+udf hf]l8Psf
k|ljlwx?sf u'0f / bf]if af/]df a}+s rnfpg] k|d'v clws[tx?, k|ljlw1x? tyf
pkef]Qmf hfgsf/ gx'g' g} o:tf hf]lvdsf] k|d'v sf/0f xf]. 7"nf] /sd /xg]
o:tf a}+ls+u ;+:yfx?df h8fg ul/Psf Pl6Pd d]l;g of k};f x:tfGt/0f ul/g] l:jˆ6
e'QmfgL k|0ffnL h:tf k|0ffnLdf ;+;f/ el/sf k|ljlw1ftf rf]/–rsf/x?sf] lg/Gt/
lgu/fgL /xG5 / To:tf k|0ffnL lauf/]/ cfˆgf] kmfObf ug]{ k|of; lg/Gt/ x'g]u5{.
o:tf rf]/x?n] ;a}eGbf a9L k|of]u ug]{u/]sf efO/;x? …/fG;;dj]/Ú / …k]d]G6 qm]l86 k|m8Ú x'g\ h;n]
cgnfOg /sd x:tfGt/0f / Pl6Pd d]l;gx?
laufg]{ sfd ;a}eGbf a9L u/]sf 5g-*_.
g]kfnsf] a}+ls+u k|0ffnLdf klg kl5Nnf
lbgx?df ;fOa/ cfqmd0fsf 36gf lgs} a9\g yfn]sf] 5. xfn;fn} sf7df08"sf]
b/af/dfu{ / 7d]n If]qsf Pl6Pd a'yaf6 lrlgof Xofs/x¿n] gSsnL le;fsf8{sf] k|of]u
u/L ! s/f]8 @^ nfv ?k}ofF lems]sf lyP. To;df
;+nUg % lrlgof gful/snfO{ !#@ a6f
gSsnL Pl6Pd sf8{x¿ ;lxt k|x/Ln] ;dft]sf] lyof].
oL Xofs/x?n] JolQmsf] eGbf l;w} a}+s vftfdf cfqmd0f ul/Psf] g]kfn /fi6«
a}+sn] atfPsf] lyof].
g]kfns} a}+sdf ul/Psf] cfsf]{ 7"nf]
;fOa/ rf]/Lsf] 36gf xfn} PgcfO{;L Pl;of a}+ssf] le;f l:jˆ6 cGt/ a}+ls+u cfb]z
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u/]sf lyP.of] /sdnfO{ cd]l/sf, la|6]g, hfkfgsf vftfx?df x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf]
e]l6Psf] lyof].
a}+ls+u Joj;fodf ;fOa/ ;'/Iff sdhf]/
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k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] cefj x'g', u_pkef]Qmfdf cfTd;'/Iff af/] 1fg / r]tgfsf] sdLx'g', 3_ a}+sx?n] cfˆgf a}+sdf k|of]u ul/Psf k|ljlw
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g;Sg' –h:tf sf/0f g} d'Vo x'g\.
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/0fgLlt lgwf{/0f ug{' h?/L 5 . cfkm' slt k|lt:kwL{ x'g vf]h]sf] xf], Tof]
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k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] cefj Pp6f ;d:of ePsf] b]lvG5. casf a}+ls+u s]jn ef}lts
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;+Gbe{df To:t} k|ljlws 1fg ePsf, cfO{l6 a'em]sf, sd{rf/Lx?sf] Aoa:yf ug{' h?/L
b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf a}+sx? df b]lvPsf] cfsf]{ sdL, b]z leq g} o:tf k|ljlwsf] k|jw{g
ug{ / cg';Gwfg ug{ cfˆgf] s]xL gfkmf /sdsf] lx:;f 5'6\ofpg] rng gx'g' xf] .
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. g]kfnsf a}+sx?n] lab]zdf h:t} cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf] nflu s]xL /sd 5'6\ofpg' h?/L
5 h;n] cfO6L k9]sf laBfyL{ x? nfO{ cg';Gwfg ug{ 5fqj[lQ kfpg\ h;n] b]z leqsf
;d:of a'em]sf k|fljlwsx? pTkfbg u/f];\ hf] k5L cfˆg} a}+sx?df ;3fpg ;Sg] hgzlQm
ag'g.
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
(१)(2019)History of Banking. From Wikipedia, the
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(२) From Metallic Coins to
Online Payments: A Brief History of Banking in Nepal. https://blog.khalti.com/fintech-trends/brief-history-of-banking-in-nepal/
(३)(2019 July) QUARTERLY
ECONOMIC BULLETIN,VOLUME 53,MID-JULY 2019,NUMBER 4, Nepal Rastra Bank,Website: www.nrb.org.np
($)(2019) Financial crisis of 2007–08. From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
(५)(2014) MCMILLAN, J. THE END OF BANKING MONEY,
CREDIT, AND THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION. Zurich, Switzerland: Zero/One Economics
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(७)(2019)THE IMPACT OF CYBER
ATTACKS ON THE BANKING INDUSTRY, Posted by Wall Street, May 8, 2019, Economy,
Finance, Technology, World News. https://wall-street.com/major-impact-cyber-attacks-banking-industry/
(८) (2019 ) Payments and Inclusion: From
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and Commerce, 2019 November.http://www.icommercecentral.com/ArchiveJIBC/currentissue-internet-banking-and-commerce.php
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